My introduction to the Volga Germans came through food—specifically, Kuchen. One of my readers contacted me looking for a recipe for Kuchen, like the one her Volga German grandmother made. In my experience, Kuchen is cake, and there are thousands of cake recipes. I love German food history, so it was time to do some digging, starting with who ARE the Volga Germans? And then, why did they call this pie-like dessert “Kuchen”). The Kuchen part was easy, and the history of the Germans who lived in the Volga River region of Russia was much deeper than I imagined. This ethnic community has held on to its traditions and customs for hundreds of years across three countries. Over 300,000 came to America, and their descendants still hold tight to their history. Let’s find out more about the Volga Germans.
(Some of you with long memories might recognize parts of this post. Portions were originally part of the South Dakota Kuchen Recipe page, but it was time to expand the history and separate it from the recipe. You can still find the recipe for Kuchen here)
Who are the Volga Germans
The Seven Years’ War (1756-1763) involved all of Europe, with Germany as the battlefield. When the dust settled, most Germans were left in poverty, fields and farms destroyed, with only a patchwork government to keep an eye on things. Around that same time, Catherine the Great, former German princess (born in Pomerania) and current Czarina of Russia, was recovering from a war with the Ottomans, which left the Volga region of her country barren. She needs farmers and knows firsthand how hard Germans work, so she devised a great plan to invite Germans to fill the area with productive farms. She created a Manifesto to entice poor farmers from the Rhineland and Hesse with offers of autonomy and land. Flyers went up all over Germany, and special agents went out to recruit Germans to come live in the Volga region.
The Manifesto of July 22, 1763 promised:
Religious freedom.
Freedom from taxation and licenses for 30 years to rural settlers.
Government support with interest-free loans and repayments after 10 years.
A guarantee of self-rule within the colonies.
Permission to bring personal possessions with them duty free.
No military service for all settlers and their descendants.
Free transport to areas of settlement.
Volga German Settlement Map public domain
Volga Germans In Russia
What started as a trickle of a few thousand settlers in 1767 became a Tidal Wave. Germans established 106 small communities along the Volga River. Each village built a church, which was paid for by the Russian government and then repaid by the Volga Germans. They set up schools that taught the German language. And they even established their own form of government and division of labor. The language was German. By 1869, there were over 250,000 Volga Germans living according to their German traditions within Russia.
But you could say they were victims of their own success. Others in Russia grew frustrated with the special treatment these “Germans” were handed, especially the exemption from military service. Slowly, these rights were chipped away, and by the 1880s, many Volga Germans looked toward North America for the freedoms they wanted. Both the United States and Canada sent ambassadors to the Volga German communities to entice new immigrants.
Victoria Kansas Volga German Statue-by Kevyn- Public Domain
Volga Germans in America
Volga Germans spent generations living as Germans in Russia, and they were used to staying within their community and maintaining their traditions despite outside influences. However, this led to problems. By holding tight to their way of life, their language, their traditions, and even their clothing, they were considered outsiders. By the early 1900s, people had come to (mostly) accept Germans, but these new immigrants were German and not German. Still, over time, the Volga German community “Americanized” to a certain extent and came to be praised for its work ethic.
The Dakotas
The first Volga Germans arrived in the Dakota Territories in 1872 to take advantage of the Homestead Act, which promised any adult male 160 acres of land for only $10, provided they built a house, raised crops, and survived 5 years. (Not an easy task). This was a bet the Volga Germans (and many others) were happy to make, and they came by the thousands. And with them, they brought their way of life and their recipes. (like Kuchen). Today, HALF of North Dakota’s population has Russian German Roots.
Nebraska
You’ll find the highest concentrations of Volga Germans in the United States near Lincoln, Nebraska, home to the headquarters of the American Historical Society of Germans from Russia. It’s also the center of the American Volga Relief Society set up to help the Volga Germans who had been starved by Lenin) One of the biggest employers was the railroad! From there, Volga Germans spread across the country.
Public domain, via Wikimedia CommonsVolga Germans in Kansas
In 1872, the Kansas Pacific and the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe railroads actively recruited Volga Germans by printing up information in the German language and sending their agents to Russia. The railroads promised land along rail lines, a win-win for both the farmers who would have a way to ship their grain and the railroads who would be paid for shipping. It also helped that Kansas allowed its residents to opt out of military service for religious reasons. By 1879, 12,700 Volga Germans moved to Ellis County, Kansas, the “Land of the Volga Germans”. There, they built what would become the largest Catholic Church west of the Mississippi River, St. Fidelis.
Washington
In 1882, a group of Volga Germans in Nebraska moved to the Pacific Northwest in search of space. Around then, another group from Kansas headed northeast with the same plan. Both groups ended up in Eastern Washington Territory (Washington didn’t become a state until 1889). Compared to Russia, the incredibly fertile soil made farming easy. The railroads worked with the farmers to ensure success. They sold land that connected the tracks to farmers, making it easy for them to sell and ship. In this way, the “Great Plateau” filled with Russian German townships like “Odessa, Mohler, Ritzville, Sprague, Marcellus, Packard, Krupp, Wilson Creek, Batum, Schrag, Tiflis, and Moscow.” (American Historical Society of Germans from Russia- Seattle Chapter). For a detailed description of their journey, beginning in Germany, the time in Russia, and then the move to the Midwest and finally the Pacific Northwest around Walla Walla. Today, I highly recommend the book Hardship to Homeland by Richard Scheuerman.
Fresno, California
The first group of 24 Volga Germans arrived in Fresno, California, in 1887 after seeing advertisements extolling the virtues of the San Juaquin Valley published in Nebraska newspapers. This “Sommerland” had fertile soils just waiting for German industriousness. Land was expensive, though, at $600 an acre, so most worked hard as laborers until they could afford to buy their own property. After the poor soils of the Russian Steppes, they had no trouble growing crops like Sunflower Seeds, Turkey Red Wheat, and Watermelons. Between 1887 and 1920, the population grew to 8000. The Volga German church, first built in 1895 on D street, has since moved a few times, and there is still a strong community of approximately 100,000 descendants living in the Fresno/Madera region.
Colorado
Sugar beets brought Volga Germans to Colorado. By the early 1900s, an anti-immigrant sentiment was sweeping the country. Volga Germans tended to wear their ethnic clothing, which set them apart and made it hard to find work. The families often resorted to working in fields as laborers. The Great Western Sugar Company saw an opportunity and actively recruited large families to work in the fields. Over time, and through hard work, they could buy farms and become more established in society. By the 1970s, Volga Germans were the second largest ethnic group in Colorado. Today, more than 500,000 descendants live in Larimer and Weld counties
But not all Volga Germans left Russia
Despite the chipping away of rights and privileges, some Volga Germans chose to stay in Russia. After the Bolshevik revolution, religious persecution meant that their churches were closed and pastors exiled. In 1918, the “Worker’s Commune of the Region of the Volga Germans” was established and led the way in farm production in the USSR. Then, in 1923, the Commune was reorganized and became an autonomous ethnic region, the “Volga German Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic” located in Pokrovst (later Engels). By 1939, the Volga German ASSR had a population of 650,000, with 60% German. They were still allowed their own language, schools, and administration, so by 1937, they had their own constitution and university. Like in the rest of the USSR, private farms converted to collectives, and they were the most productive region in the USSR.
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Design emblem of the Volga German ASSR
The final blow came in 1941 when the German Nationals were labeled Enemies of the State. The Volga German Republic was dissolved. Strong young men were conscripted into the Soviet Army, women were put to work as servants, and the rest were shipped off to Siberia. The German communities in Russia were essentially erased, although some cemeteries still have German headstones.
(note- in 1955, the USSR admitted to persecuting the Volga Germans…and released information about their location.)
Volga Germans In America Today
Today, the American Historical Society of Germans from Russia has a mission to “discover, collect, preserve, and share the history, cultural heritage, and genealogical legacy of German Settlers in the Russian Empire”. Their website is a treasure trove of information on Germans from Russia, and a wonderful starting place for research.
You can also find some great Russian German groups on Facebook
Germans from Russia, Food and Culture
Volga Germans
Volga German Research Community
References
American Historical Society of Germans from Russia
Fresno County Historical Society
Greater Seattle American Historical Society of Germans from Russia
History of Colorado- Volga Germans
DW-GErmans from RUssia in North Dakota
I visited the Germans From Russia Museum in Fresno a few years ago. Very interesting and informative.
I need to visit that. We are about 2 hours from Fresno… sounds like a Day TRip!
That was an excellent read. Thank you. It amazes me how much the Germans have contributed all over the U.S. Rarely credited though. I recently watched a documentary about Trakehner Horses, bred and developed over 400 years in East Prussia. There was wonderful footage of the area from the 1930’s. The story goes through WW2 and some of the hardships of escaping to the west. It’s 90 minutes long and super interesting…. this breed in now prized throughout the world….. https://youtu.be/bF7xMiob9-w?si=-SNGlQVL-e8LGlQh. Thank you for all the work you put into this site.
Thank you!
Hi Karen,
I love reading your newsletter, which keeps me in touch with my German roots. This article brought back memories of my great-grandparents. My father’s mother was Paulina Wegner, who was the daughter of Samuel Wegner. He and his family were part of the German-Volga community. I was told of the flight the Wegner family made in the late 1890s, but being a young boy, I was confused about how Germans could live in Russia. I learned later, while in college, about the Germans from the Volga. My family settled in Oklahoma until the Dust Bowl drove them east back to New Jersey, where they were taken in by family there. My Grandfather, Albert Adelmann from Gamburg Baden, met Paulina when they returned to Jersey. My father, Adolph, was their third and last child.
Keep up the good work you are doing, Karen. You are well appreciated.
Rick
Hi Rick… thank you so much for sharing your story. Can you imagine the courage it took for your family to pick up and move their lives like that? A leap of faith. Thank you also for your kind word words.